Social studies, unlike other subjects, has long been noted for its susceptibility to different interpretations as to its history, nature, and purposes (Nelson, 2001). The multiplicity of interpretations, in turn, have resulted in a myriad of patterns with which teachers tend to teach the subject. Because of their implications on various aspects of social education, notably curricular reform, these patterns have occupied the attention of social educators for decades (White, 1982). Perhaps the most influential work in this particular area of social studies research is that of Barr, Barth, & Shermis (cited in White, 1982). Basing their ideas on the results of their analysis of various documents that nearly span an entire century, they have identified three patterns with which teachers tend to approach the teaching of social studies and termed these patterns traditions. They are: 1) Citizenship Transmission, 2) Social Science, and 3) Reflective Inquiry. These traditions differ in ...
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